作文在英语高考中占据了很重要的地位,但是在平常的英语学习中老师不可能对学生进行单独指导,但是我们自己可以在老师的帮助下制定一个好的复习计划,来一步步的增强自己的写作能力和兴趣。英语语言中词、句、文组成一个整体,因此我们可以分阶段去进行逐一冲刺提升:
第一阶段:让学生明白句子的基本构成。基本的句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语和同位语等。主语是句子的主体,是要说明的对象,是动词的执行者,在教学过程中让学生明白常用作主语的词有名词、代词、数词、不定式、从句等。还要让学生明白有时it也可以作为形式主语。例如:It’s said that she is a promising player.谓语是用来描述动作、状态或特征。谓语动词只可以有动词(短语)来充当,有人称、数、时态和语态的变化。也要区分动词的三单和名词分复数形式的区别。其他几种句子的成分也要注意 的是哪些词可以当,如可作宾语的有名词、代词、v-ing等。
第二阶段:让学生可以掌握几种基本句式。五种基本句式包括:主谓、主谓宾、主系表、主谓间接宾语直接宾语、主谓宾宾补。首先让学生明白主谓结构和主谓宾结构的区别,让学生能够在作文中很好的使用这些句型,尤其是要注意这些句型的语态的使用,让学生明白主谓结构不能使用被动语态。在作文中预防犯错。
第三阶段:让学生能够逐步学会使用并列句和复合句。首先,在并列句的使用过程中首先要了解并列句的类型和并列连词,例如表示并列关系的有:and,both...and,not only ....but also,neither...nor,转折关系的有but、yet、whereas,因果关系的有for,so ,therefore ,thus,对比的有while,并列句的常用句式有:(1)祈使句+and+陈述句,如work hard and you will succeed,名词短语+and+陈述句,another try,and you will make a success.其次让学生学会在作文中使用复合句.复合句有很多类型,这里以定语从句为例子.定语从句是比较难掌握的,而学生在写作中喜欢尝试的复合句.为了写好,可以尝试以下”三步法”:第一,写出两个简单句.第二:在一个简单句中找出一个要修饰的词汇,这个词在两个简单句中都有,第三不把另一个简单句变成定语从句,要注意引导词的使用.例如:第一步:1.The foreigner is from Canada.2He visited our class yesterday 第二步找到foreigner 第三步组句:The foreigner who/that visited our class yesterday is from Canada.但是在定语从句中要注意不要误用关系词:I live in Bejing ,which is the capital of China.不可以误用为关系副词where.定语从句中也不可以和并列句混淆例如;In fact ,smoking is a bad habit,which/and it does great harm to people’s health.当然还有很多的复合句,都可以用在作文,同样可以让作文增色,但是前提是在正确的运用复合句的情形之下。还有文章如果过多使用简单句会让人觉得单调乏味,而过多使用复合句又显得累赘,读起来费力。为了解决这种问题可以恰当的使用非谓语动词对简单句和复合句进行转换。一、运用非谓转换简单句例如:第一步,1 I feel quite sorry for that .2 I begin to think about what to do to help
变成:Feeling quite sorry for that ,I begin to think about what to do to help.二、运用非谓转换复合句,第一步;写出复合句。After we had practiced palying basketball for almost two months ,we strongly desired to be the winner.
变成:Having practiced playing basketball for almost two months,we strongly desired to be the winner.其他几种复合句的转换也是类似的。
较后阶段,让学生对文章的篇章结构有个整体的把握,能够用词句段落组成整篇文章,表达的主题。这就要在平时的教学中教会学生怎样开头,怎么样结尾,怎样来行文。首先,要写好文章的开头,让学生明白开头要做到开门见山,使读者了解文章要谈什么,较好要能很快引起读者的兴趣。为了能够写好开头,可以让学生学会以下几种常见的开头的方法:1.背景法——说明事件发生的时间地点背景等
Last Monday,my father said goodbye to my mother and me and went on a business trip.2主题句法——提出一个观点和论据作为文章要阐明和论述的主题Old people can play an important role in our country,because they have experience ,they are wiser ,and they have enough time.3 问题法——用提出问题的方法来引出文章的内容,以吸引读者的注意力,Why do we go to university? Different people have different opinons 4引语法——摘录明人名言或习语谚语作为文章的开端There an old English saying”Gain time ,gain life”5定义法——常见于对标题下定义,然后通过举例、逻辑推理等方法加以说明 A good student is one who possesses good morality,sound health ,perfect knowledge and various abilities 还可以用数据法和实例法等来作为文章的开头。其次,让学生写好结尾。结尾有概括全文内容进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想,升华主题作用。可以有以下几种方法:1 照应开头Everyone enjoys beautiful things .And seeing sunrise may be one of the most unusual experiences in our life.2 复述中心we must protect the water as well as find ways to reuse it .If not ,the last drop of water will be a teardrop.3 总结式In a word ,a friend in need is a friend indeed.May all of us treasure friendship.4引用式I believe my dream will come true one day because”Where there is a will ,there is a way’5希望式 The internet is now very important to me beacause it not only gives me a lot of fun but also it is very useful .I like it and hope you will like it ,too.问题式Will you jion us in the next century?How romantic and fantastic it will be!
较后在写作中要注意文章的句子间、段落间的衔接和过渡。让学生可以掌握以下几种连接性词语。一、表示起始关系的,above all ,first of all ,to begin with ,according to ,as you know ,as is shown in 等,二、表示时间顺序的过渡性词语,first(ly), then , later ,in the end finally afterwards ,since then ,immediately, suddenly ,meanwhile.等。三、表示并列关系的过渡性词语,and, or, also,as well as,neither...nor,not only ...but also,等。四、表示转折关系,but ,yet, however while otherwise,on the contrary等。表示因果关系;because ,as ,since ,for thanks to ,due to ,as a result of ,so therefore ,等六、表示条件关系的过渡,if unless, in case of as long as on condition that 七表示递进what’s more ,furthermore moreover besides,what’s worse still less,to make things worse 等八表示列举事实的,such as ,for example/instance,take ....for example that is to say,as follows,等九表示观点性的,in my opinion ,in my point of view,as far as I am concerned,as for me,personally, I think 等。十表示总结性的,in short, in brief ,in conclusion , in a /one word, to sum up all in all, on the whole ,in general,generally speaking等
总之,为了写好一篇英语作文,文章的整体结构也的重要。